A Virtual Power Plant Solution for Aggregating Photovoltaic Systems and Other Distributed Energy Resources for Northern European Primary Frequency Reserves

Primary frequency reserves in Northern Europe have traditionally been provided with hydro plants and fossil fuel-burning spinning reserves. Recently, smart distributed energy resources equipped functionality needed to participate on Key categories of such include photovoltaic systems, batteries, loads. Most these are small cannot provide the minimum controllable power required Thus, virtual used aggregate trade them markets. The information technology aspects proprietary many details not made public. first contribution this article is propose a generic data model application programming interface for plant above-mentioned capabilities. second use cope unpredictability reserve capacity that systems other able markets upcoming bidding period. contributions demonstrated an operational installation at European shopping center, aggregating Frequency Reserves resources.